{"id":3105,"date":"2025-12-16T08:01:16","date_gmt":"2025-12-16T08:01:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/?p=3105"},"modified":"2026-03-31T08:27:28","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T08:27:28","slug":"what-causes-pad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/peripheral-artery-disease\/what-causes-pad\/","title":{"rendered":"Causes &#038; Risk Factors of PAD"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3105\" class=\"elementor elementor-3105\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfeb62e e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dfeb62e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d8a263 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"6d8a263\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1140\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1140\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Table of Contents <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1140\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b03ddf e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b03ddf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2130b2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2130b2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"max-width:100%; line-height:1.6;\">\r\n\t<ul style=\"list-style:none; padding:0; margin:0;\">\r\n\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size:20px; font-weight:400; margin:10px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa1\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 1. Snapshot <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\r\n\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size:20px; font-weight:400; margin:10px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa2\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 2. Synopsis <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\r\n\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size:20px; font-weight:400; margin:10px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa3\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 3. What is Peripheral Artery Disease?<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\r\n\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size:20px; font-weight:400; margin:10px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa4\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 4. Symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\r\n\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size:20px; font-weight:400; margin:10px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa5\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 5. Causes of Peripheral Artery Disease<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\r\n\t\t\t<ul style=\"list-style:none; padding-left:15px; margin:0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size:18px; font-weight:400; margin:8px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa5.1\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 5.1 Atherosclerosis <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size:18px; font-weight:400; margin:8px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa5.2\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 5.2 Other (Less Common) Causes <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size:18px; font-weight:400; margin:8px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa5.3\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 5.3 Metabolic and Inflammatory Contributors <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size:20px; font-weight:400; margin:10px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa6\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 6. How Risk Factors of Peripheral Artery Disease<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size:20px; font-weight:400; margin:10px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa7\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 7. Modifiable Risk Factors <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size:20px; font-weight:400; margin:10px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa8\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 8. Non-Modifiable Risk Factors <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\r\n\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size:20px; font-weight:400; margin:10px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa9\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 9. What Is the Best Treatment for Peripheral Artery Disease?<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\r\n\t\t\t<ul style=\"list-style:none; padding-left:15px; margin:0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size:18px; font-weight:400; margin:8px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa9.1\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 9.1 What Are the 5 P\u2019s of Peripheral Arterial Disease? <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size:18px; font-weight:400; margin:8px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa9.2\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 9.2 How To Prevent Leg Pain Due to PAD? <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size:18px; font-weight:400; margin:8px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa9.3\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 9.3 Is Peripheral Artery Disease Reversible? <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size:18px; font-weight:400; margin:8px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa9.4\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 9.4 How Do You Diagnose Peripheral Artery Disease? <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size:20px; font-weight:400; margin:10px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa10\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 10. Take Home Message <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size:20px; font-weight:400; margin:10px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa11\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 11. FAQs <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\r\n\t\t\t<ul style=\"list-style:none; padding-left:15px; margin:0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size:18px; font-weight:400; margin:8px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa11.1\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 11.1 What Is the Most Common Cause of Arterial Disease? <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size:18px; font-weight:400; margin:8px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#CRFa11.2\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 11.2 What Are the Four Stages of PAD?<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size:18px; font-weight:400; margin:8px 0;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"CRFa11.3\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#000;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.color='#90CD4E'\" onmouseout=\"this.style.color='#000'\"> 11.3 What Are the Long-Term Effects of PAD? <\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t<\/li>\r\n\t<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a535821 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a535821\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa1\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Snapshot \n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de3e860 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de3e860\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Underlying mechanism:<\/b>\u00a0PAD develops when fatty plaque builds up inside the arterial walls, causing them to narrow &amp; is known as atherosclerosis.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Primary cause:<\/b>\u00a0The disease most often begins in the arteries of the legs, where plaque accumulation limits oxygen delivery to muscles during activity.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Major risk factors:<\/b>\u00a0Smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol are the leading contributors.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Contributing influences:<\/b>\u00a0Ageing, family history of vascular disease, chronic kidney disease and a sedentary lifestyle further increase vulnerability to PAD.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54c257c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54c257c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa2\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Synopsis<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28d5ba8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28d5ba8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>You must have heard of someone experiencing a heart attack and undergoing angioplasty to clear the blocked artery.\u00a0 Similarly, Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) affects the arteries in your legs\/arms instead of the heart.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67bb758 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67bb758\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) occurs when plaque buildup causes narrowing of arteries, reducing blood flow to the legs or arms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7795845 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7795845\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The top 5 risk factors include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol and age above 50yrs. PAD also signals broader susceptibility to vascular disease,<b>\u00a0raising the risk of heart attack and stroke.<\/b>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc02804 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc02804\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is Peripheral Artery Disease? \n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3523811 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3523811\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) refers to the\u00a0<b>partial or complete blockage of peripheral arteries<\/b>, most often in the legs or arms, due to\u00a0<b>plaque buildup<\/b>.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b6ba29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b6ba29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This plaque, also called\u00a0<b>atherosclerosis<\/b>, is composed of cholesterol, fat, calcium and fibrous tissue. It narrows the arterial lumen and limits the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the muscles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-127fa31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"127fa31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"838\" src=\"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/PAD-977x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3203\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/PAD-977x1024.jpg 977w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/PAD-286x300.jpg 286w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/PAD-768x805.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/PAD-1465x1536.jpg 1465w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/PAD-1954x2048.jpg 1954w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b09e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b09e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) affects multiple blood vessels throughout the body. And that\u2019s why people with PAD often also have arterial narrowing or blockages elsewhere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c91a07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c91a07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>For example:\u00a0<\/b><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\">Affecting the heart \u2013 Coronary artery disease<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Affecting the brain \u2013 Cerebrovascular disease<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Affecting arteries in the neck \u2013 Carotid artery disease<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Affecting groin area \u2013 Erectile dysfunction &amp; male infertility<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc0b6da elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc0b6da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa4\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c193071 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c193071\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Peripheral arterial disease symptoms can range from a symptom-free state to developing critical limb ischaemia with rest pain or ulcers.<\/p><p>The following symptoms progress in severity as blood flow continues to reduce:\u00a0<\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>No symptoms:\u00a0<\/b>The body can still compensate.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Intermittent Claudication:<\/b>\u00a0Pain or cramping develops in the legs (or arms) after walking a short distance.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rest Pain:<\/b>\u00a0Persistent foot pain even when at rest<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Skin and Tissue Changes:<\/b>\u00a0Pale, cool limbs, brittle nails, hair loss on legs<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weak or Absent Pulses:<\/b>\u00a0Diminished pulses<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1aa948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e1aa948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa5\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Causes of Peripheral Artery Disease\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c43a998 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c43a998\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The\u00a0<b>primary cause of PAD is atherosclerosis<\/b>, a process in which the inner lining of the artery or endothelium\u00a0<b>becomes inflamed due to damage<\/b>\u00a0by factors such as high cholesterol, smoking or high blood pressure.\u00a0<\/p><p>This triggers\u00a0<b>lipid deposition<\/b>, plaque formation and gradual narrowing of the arterial lumen, reducing oxygen supply to tissues.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89f901c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"89f901c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa5.1\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atherosclerosis\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cce25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cce25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li aria-level=\"1\">Plaque buildup in the arteries narrows vessels and<b>\u00a0restricts blood flow<\/b>.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Plaque is<b>\u00a0composed of<\/b>\u00a0fat, calcium, blood cells and fibrous tissue.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">When plaque ruptures, it can\u00a0<b>cause clots\u00a0<\/b>that may obstruct circulation completely.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d80c22e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d80c22e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa5.2\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Other (Less Common) Causes\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2baeead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2baeead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vasculitis:<\/b>\u00a0Arterial inflammation causing narrowing or scarring.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Embolism:<\/b>\u00a0A blood clot travelling from another site blocks an artery.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Trauma or Radiation Injury:<\/b>\u00a0Damage to arterial walls from direct impact or radiation therapy.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fibromuscular Dysplasia:<\/b>\u00a0Abnormal cell growth within artery walls leading to narrowing or blockage.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a00fb2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a00fb2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa5.3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Metabolic and Inflammatory Contributors\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fc5c98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fc5c98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Certain underlying health conditions can accelerate the buildup of plaque in the arteries and lead to further damage to blood vessels.\u00a0<\/p><p>These include:\u00a0<\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\">Long-term inflammation in the body<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Abnormal cholesterol levels<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">High levels of homocysteine (an amino acid) in the blood<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Blood disorders that increase the tendency for clot formation<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ec3446 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ec3446\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa6\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Risk Factors of Peripheral Artery Disease \n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca89ec8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca89ec8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Risk factors for PAD mirror those of other atherosclerotic diseases, such as coronary artery disease and stroke, and\u00a0can be grouped into\u00a0<b>modifiable<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0<b>non-modifiable<\/b>\u00a0categories.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ae4f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a4ae4f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Risk-factors-PAD-1-scaled-e1768636452563-1024x504.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3209\" alt=\"Risk Factors of PAD\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Risk-factors-PAD-1-scaled-e1768636452563-1024x504.png 1024w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Risk-factors-PAD-1-scaled-e1768636452563-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Risk-factors-PAD-1-scaled-e1768636452563-768x378.png 768w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Risk-factors-PAD-1-scaled-e1768636452563-1536x756.png 1536w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Risk-factors-PAD-1-scaled-e1768636452563-2048x1008.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-582cbe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"582cbe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa7\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modifiable Risk Factors\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07ae152 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"07ae152\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These can be improved or controlled through lifestyle and medical intervention:<\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Smoking:\u00a0<\/b>The single most significant risk factor. Nicotine damages blood vessel walls, raises blood pressure and constricts arteries. Even secondhand smoke increases risk.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Diabetes Mellitus:\u00a0<\/b>Chronic high blood sugar injures arterial linings, accelerates plaque formation and impairs circulation. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the likelihood of\u00a0<b>critical limb ischaemia<\/b>\u00a0and amputation.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>High Blood Pressure (Hypertension):\u00a0<\/b>Persistent high pressure weakens arteries and fosters plaque deposition.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>High Cholesterol:\u00a0<\/b>Elevated LDL (\u201cbad\u201d cholesterol) and triglycerides (a type of fat stored in the blood) promote atherosclerotic buildup.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Obesity:\u00a0<\/b>Excess body weight contributes to hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia, all precursors of PAD.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Physical Inactivity:\u00a0<\/b>A sedentary lifestyle reduces muscle oxygen demand, weakens collateral circulation and increases the risk of vascular stiffening.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Unhealthy Diet &amp; Stress:\u00a0<\/b>Diets rich in saturated fats and chronic stress contribute to vascular inflammation and elevated cholesterol.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0ca763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0ca763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa8\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Non-Modifiable Risk Factors\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1eb862 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1eb862\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Age:\u00a0<\/b>Risk rises sharply after age 50 and even more after 65 due to progressive arterial stiffening.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Family History &amp; Genetics:\u00a0<\/b>A family history of PAD, coronary artery disease or stroke increases susceptibility. Genetic mutations like\u00a0<b>Factor V Leiden<\/b>\u00a0can predispose to thrombosis.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):\u00a0<\/b>CKD promotes vascular calcification and inflammation, making PAD more severe and difficult to treat.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Race &amp; Ethnicity:\u00a0<\/b>PAD prevalence is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8096721\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">higher in<b>\u00a0black individuals<\/b><\/a>\u00a0and in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27554686\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>American Indian women<\/b><\/a>. Sedentary Hispanic adults also show elevated risk. Moreover, the prevalence rate ranges between\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/jicc\/fulltext\/2023\/13001\/the_indian_consensus_statement_for_the_management.1.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>15% to 25% in Indian citizens<\/b><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Blood Clotting Disorders:\u00a0<\/b>Conditions like\u00a0<b>antiphospholipid syndrome<\/b>\u00a0(an autoimmune disorder causing blood clots) or\u00a0<b>thrombocytosis<\/b>\u00a0(a condition with an abnormally high platelet count) can cause arterial blockages.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Elevated Homocysteine:\u00a0<\/b>High levels of this amino acid damage the endothelium and accelerate atherosclerosis.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>HIV Infection:\u00a0<\/b>Chronic inflammation and medication effects may contribute to premature arterial disease.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d01310c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d01310c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><tbody><tr><td><b>Modifiable Risk Factors<\/b><\/td><td><b>Non-Modifiable Risk Factors<\/b><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Smoking<\/td><td>Age<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Diabetes Mellitus<\/td><td>Family History &amp; Genetics<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)<\/td><td>Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>High Cholesterol<\/td><td>Race &amp; Ethnicity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Obesity<\/td><td>Blood Clotting Disorders (e.g., Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Thrombocytosis)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Physical Inactivity<\/td><td>Elevated Homocysteine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unhealthy Diet &amp; Stress<\/td><td>HIV Infection<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c0789 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"46c0789\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa9\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What Is the Best Treatment for Peripheral Artery Disease?\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2f6c43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f2f6c43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0A combination approach works best for the treatment of PAD, focusing on improving circulation, relieving discomfort and preventing future cardiovascular complications:<\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Risk-Factor Control:\u00a0<\/b>Quit smoking, manage diabetes, blood pressure and cholesterol.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Exercise Therapy:\u00a0<\/b>Regular walking improves circulation and reduces leg pain.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Revascularisation:\u00a0<\/b>Angioplasty, stenting or bypass surgery restores blood flow.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Wound Care:\u00a0<\/b>Proper ulcer management prevents infection and limb loss.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff912d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff912d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa9.1\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What Are the 5 P\u2019s of Peripheral Arterial Disease? \n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38fd73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38fd73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These classic signs reflect acute or severe arterial insufficiency:<\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pain<\/b>: Ischaemic, often severe<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pallor<\/b>: Pale, cool skin<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pulselessness:<\/b>\u00a0Absent distal pulses<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Paresthesia<\/b>: Numbness or tingling<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Paralysis\/Poikilothermia<\/b>: Muscle weakness or inability to maintain temperature<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccdd2bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ccdd2bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How To Prevent Leg Pain Due to PAD?     \n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69b6b14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69b6b14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stop Smoking:<\/b>\u00a0Cessation slows disease progression.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stay Active:<\/b>\u00a0Regular walking enhances circulation and endurance.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Manage Health Conditions:<\/b>\u00a0Control diabetes, hypertension and cholesterol levels.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Balanced Diet:<\/b>\u00a0Follow a\u00a0<b>heart-healthy eating plan<\/b>\u00a0such as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) or Mediterranean Diet.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weight &amp; Stress Management:<\/b>\u00a0Maintain a healthy BMI and practice relaxation techniques to support vascular health.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-860b575 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"860b575\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"654\" src=\"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/visual-selection-1024x837.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3220\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/visual-selection-1024x837.png 1024w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/visual-selection-300x245.png 300w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/visual-selection-768x628.png 768w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/visual-selection-1536x1256.png 1536w, https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/visual-selection-2048x1674.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-971f2d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"971f2d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa9.2\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Is Peripheral Artery Disease Reversible? \n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a76c35f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a76c35f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>PAD cannot be completely reversed, but its progression can be slowed. With sustained lifestyle changes, regular exercise and appropriate medical care, symptoms can be managed effectively and the risk of complications significantly reduced.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e99745 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e99745\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prompt revascularisation using peripheral angioplasty\/bypass is essential in\u00a0<b>critical limb ischaemia (CLI)\u00a0<\/b>to prevent tissue loss. CLI is a severe stage of PAD where blood flow to the leg is greatly reduced, causing pain &amp; risk of gangrene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfb7eb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bfb7eb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa9.3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How Do You Diagnose Peripheral Artery Disease? \n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-726412d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"726412d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Diagnosis involves simple bedside and imaging tests:<\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ankle\u2013Brachial Index (ABI):<\/b>\u00a0Compares blood pressure in the ankle &amp; arm; an ABI \u2264 0.90 confirms PAD.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Duplex Ultrasound:<\/b>\u00a0Detects blockages and measures blood flow.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>CT or MR Angiography:<\/b>\u00a0Provides detailed arterial maps for surgical or endovascular planning.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba4b457 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ba4b457\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa10\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Take Home Message  \n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3716c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3716c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Peripheral Artery Disease reflects\u00a0<b>systemic vascular damage<\/b>, not just a leg problem, but a sign of broader cardiovascular risk.<\/p><p>By identifying and addressing risk factors like\u00a0<b>smoking, diabetes and inactivity<\/b>\u00a0early, progression can be halted and quality of life preserved.<\/p><p>Awareness, early diagnosis and proactive management remain key to preventing the severe consequences of advanced PAD.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a424146 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a424146\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa11\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FAQs \n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0500b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"d0500b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2180\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2180\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What Is the Most Common Cause of Arterial Disease?  <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2180\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed28fc5 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ed28fc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-223665d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"223665d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa11.1\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Atherosclerosis<\/b>, the gradual buildup of cholesterol-rich plaque within the arterial walls, is the primary cause of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and most other arterial conditions. Over time, this plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, restricting blood flow.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f3ea8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76f3ea8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This process not only causes PAD but also underlies\u00a0<b>coronary artery disease<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0<b>carotid artery disease<\/b>, making it a systemic vascular problem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2181\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2181\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What Are the Four Stages of PAD?  <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2181\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a25d0a e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a25d0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2181\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10bb139 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10bb139\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9508eff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9508eff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>PAD progresses through four key stages that reflect the severity of arterial obstruction:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2181\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b917246 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b917246\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add41cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"add41cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa11.2\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Asymptomatic arterial narrowing<\/b>: Blood flow begins to reduce, but no noticeable symptoms occur.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Intermittent claudication<\/b>: Pain, cramping, or fatigue develops in the legs during walking or exercise and eases with rest.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rest pain<\/b>: Discomfort persists even at rest, particularly at night, indicating advanced ischemia.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Tissue loss (ulcers or gangrene)<\/b>: Severe oxygen deprivation leads to non-healing wounds or gangrene, posing a risk of amputation.<\/li><\/ol><p>These stages align with the\u00a0<b>Fontaine<\/b>\u00a0or\u00a0<b>Rutherford classification systems<\/b>\u00a0used by vascular surgeons clinically to assess disease progression<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2182\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2182\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What Are the Long-Term Effects of PAD? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2182\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b3ea70 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0b3ea70\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2182\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-822a978 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"822a978\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dbea28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2dbea28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"CRFa11.3\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If left untreated, PAD can result in serious limb-related complications such as\u00a0<b>critical limb ischaemia<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0<b>amputation<\/b>. It may also affect circulation in the groin region, contributing to\u00a0<b>erectile dysfunction<\/b>,\u00a0<b>male infertility<\/b>, and\u00a0<b>carotid artery-related stroke<\/b>.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2182\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb8e53 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ccb8e53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e7d87a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e7d87a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn advanced stages, PAD is also associated with a higher risk of\u00a0<b>heart attack<\/b>\u00a0due to underlying cardiovascular disease. Persistent poor circulation weakens tissues and slows healing, increasing the risk of\u00a0<b>ulcers and infections<\/b>. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7be95d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7be95d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f4b2e6 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-content\" data-id=\"9f4b2e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-content.default\">\n\nMoreover, since atherosclerosis affects multiple vascular beds, PAD often indicates a higher risk of\u00a0<b>systemic cardiovascular disease<\/b>. Early detection and management of risk factors like smoking, diabetes and high cholesterol are crucial to prevent these outcomes. \n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Contents 1. Snapshot 2. Synopsis 3. What is Peripheral Artery Disease? 4. Symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease 5. Causes of Peripheral Artery Disease 5.1 Atherosclerosis 5.2 Other (Less Common) Causes 5.3 Metabolic and Inflammatory Contributors 6. How Risk Factors of Peripheral Artery Disease 7. Modifiable Risk Factors 8. Non-Modifiable Risk Factors 9. What Is the Best Treatment for Peripheral Artery Disease? 9.1 What Are the 5 P\u2019s of Peripheral Arterial Disease? 9.2 How To Prevent Leg Pain Due to PAD? 9.3 Is Peripheral Artery Disease Reversible? 9.4 How Do You Diagnose Peripheral Artery Disease? 10. Take Home Message 11. FAQs 11.1 What Is the Most Common Cause of Arterial Disease? 11.2 What Are the Four Stages of PAD? 11.3 What Are the Long-Term Effects of PAD? 1. Snapshot 2. Synopsis 3. What is Peripheral Artery Disease? 4. Symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease 5. Causes of Peripheral Artery Disease 5.1 Atherosclerosis 5.2 Other (Less Common) Causes 5.3 Metabolic and Inflammatory Contributors 6. How Risk Factors of Peripheral Artery Disease 7. Modifiable Risk Factors 8. Non-Modifiable Risk Factors 9. What Is the Best Treatment for Peripheral Artery Disease? 9.1 What Are the 5 P\u2019s of Peripheral Arterial Disease? 9.2 How To Prevent Leg Pain Due to PAD? 9.3 Is Peripheral Artery Disease Reversible? 9.4 How Do You Diagnose Peripheral Artery Disease? 10. Take Home Message 11. FAQs 11.1 What Is the Most Common Cause of Arterial Disease? 11.2 What Are the Four Stages of PAD? 11.3 What Are the Long-Term Effects of PAD? Snapshot Underlying mechanism:\u00a0PAD develops when fatty plaque builds up inside the arterial walls, causing them to narrow &amp; is known as atherosclerosis. Primary cause:\u00a0The disease most often begins in the arteries of the legs, where plaque accumulation limits oxygen delivery to muscles during activity. Major risk factors:\u00a0Smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol are the leading contributors. Contributing influences:\u00a0Ageing, family history of vascular disease, chronic kidney disease and a sedentary lifestyle further increase vulnerability to PAD. Synopsis You must have heard of someone experiencing a heart attack and undergoing angioplasty to clear the blocked artery.\u00a0 Similarly, Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) affects the arteries in your legs\/arms instead of the heart. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) occurs when plaque buildup causes narrowing of arteries, reducing blood flow to the legs or arms. The top 5 risk factors include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol and age above 50yrs. PAD also signals broader susceptibility to vascular disease,\u00a0raising the risk of heart attack and stroke.\u00a0 What is Peripheral Artery Disease? Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) refers to the\u00a0partial or complete blockage of peripheral arteries, most often in the legs or arms, due to\u00a0plaque buildup.\u00a0 This plaque, also called\u00a0atherosclerosis, is composed of cholesterol, fat, calcium and fibrous tissue. It narrows the arterial lumen and limits the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the muscles. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) affects multiple blood vessels throughout the body. And that\u2019s why people with PAD often also have arterial narrowing or blockages elsewhere. For example:\u00a0 Affecting the heart \u2013 Coronary artery disease Affecting the brain \u2013 Cerebrovascular disease Affecting arteries in the neck \u2013 Carotid artery disease Affecting groin area \u2013 Erectile dysfunction &amp; male infertility Symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease Peripheral arterial disease symptoms can range from a symptom-free state to developing critical limb ischaemia with rest pain or ulcers. The following symptoms progress in severity as blood flow continues to reduce:\u00a0 No symptoms:\u00a0The body can still compensate. Intermittent Claudication:\u00a0Pain or cramping develops in the legs (or arms) after walking a short distance. Rest Pain:\u00a0Persistent foot pain even when at rest Skin and Tissue Changes:\u00a0Pale, cool limbs, brittle nails, hair loss on legs Weak or Absent Pulses:\u00a0Diminished pulses Causes of Peripheral Artery Disease The\u00a0primary cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, a process in which the inner lining of the artery or endothelium\u00a0becomes inflamed due to damage\u00a0by factors such as high cholesterol, smoking or high blood pressure.\u00a0 This triggers\u00a0lipid deposition, plaque formation and gradual narrowing of the arterial lumen, reducing oxygen supply to tissues. Atherosclerosis Plaque buildup in the arteries narrows vessels and\u00a0restricts blood flow. Plaque is\u00a0composed of\u00a0fat, calcium, blood cells and fibrous tissue. When plaque ruptures, it can\u00a0cause clots\u00a0that may obstruct circulation completely. Other (Less Common) Causes Vasculitis:\u00a0Arterial inflammation causing narrowing or scarring. Embolism:\u00a0A blood clot travelling from another site blocks an artery. Trauma or Radiation Injury:\u00a0Damage to arterial walls from direct impact or radiation therapy. Fibromuscular Dysplasia:\u00a0Abnormal cell growth within artery walls leading to narrowing or blockage. Metabolic and Inflammatory Contributors Certain underlying health conditions can accelerate the buildup of plaque in the arteries and lead to further damage to blood vessels.\u00a0 These include:\u00a0 Long-term inflammation in the body Abnormal cholesterol levels High levels of homocysteine (an amino acid) in the blood Blood disorders that increase the tendency for clot formation Risk Factors of Peripheral Artery Disease Risk factors for PAD mirror those of other atherosclerotic diseases, such as coronary artery disease and stroke, and\u00a0can be grouped into\u00a0modifiable\u00a0and\u00a0non-modifiable\u00a0categories. Modifiable Risk Factors These can be improved or controlled through lifestyle and medical intervention: Smoking:\u00a0The single most significant risk factor. Nicotine damages blood vessel walls, raises blood pressure and constricts arteries. Even secondhand smoke increases risk. Diabetes Mellitus:\u00a0Chronic high blood sugar injures arterial linings, accelerates plaque formation and impairs circulation. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the likelihood of\u00a0critical limb ischaemia\u00a0and amputation. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension):\u00a0Persistent high pressure weakens arteries and fosters plaque deposition. High Cholesterol:\u00a0Elevated LDL (\u201cbad\u201d cholesterol) and triglycerides (a type of fat stored in the blood) promote atherosclerotic buildup. Obesity:\u00a0Excess body weight contributes to hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia, all precursors of PAD. Physical Inactivity:\u00a0A sedentary lifestyle reduces muscle oxygen demand, weakens collateral circulation and increases the risk of vascular stiffening. Unhealthy Diet &amp; Stress:\u00a0Diets rich in saturated fats and chronic stress contribute to vascular inflammation and elevated cholesterol. Non-Modifiable Risk Factors Age:\u00a0Risk rises sharply after age 50 and even more after 65 due to progressive arterial stiffening. Family History &amp; Genetics:\u00a0A family history of PAD, coronary artery disease or stroke increases susceptibility. Genetic mutations like\u00a0Factor V<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3694,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3105","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-peripheral-artery-disease"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3105","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3105"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3105\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4285,"href":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3105\/revisions\/4285"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3694"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3105"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3105"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ciives.in\/old\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3105"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}